Clovis I

Clovis (c. 466–511) (Ch-)Leuthwig (Ludwig, Louis) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs.^[1] He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul (France). He was the son of Childeric I and Basina. In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father.^[2] Clovis was not only a Frankish king, he was also a Roman official.^[3] The Salian Franks were one of two Frankish tribes who were then occupying the area west of the lower Rhine, with their center in an area known as Toxandria, between the Meuse and Scheldt (in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium). Clovis's power base was to the southwest of this, around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighboring Salian Frankish kingdoms and established himself as sole king of the Salian Franks before his death. The small church in which he was baptized stood in the vicinity of the subsequent abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, and a statue of him being baptized by Saint Remigius can be seen there. Clovis and his wife Clotilde were buried in the St. Genevieve church (St. Pierre) in Paris, the original name of the Church was the Church of the Holy Apostles.^[4] An important part of Clovis' legacy is that he locally succeeded to the power of the Romans in 486 by beating the Gallo-Roman ruler Syagrius in the battle of Soissons.^[5]

Clovis was converted to Catholicism;^[6] at the instigation of his wife, Clotilde, a Burgundian Gothic princess who was a Catholic in spite of the Arianism which surrounded her at court. The followers of Catholicism believe that God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are three parts of the same entity, as opposed to the Arian Christianity, who's followers believed that God and Jesus were two completely separate beings and the Holy Spirit was not entirely separate from God but was the Power of God, a belief system common among the Goths who ruled most of Gaul at the time. In the XI century the abbey's church was to become the Cathedral of Rheims, where most future French kings would be crowned. This act was of immense importance in the subsequent history of Western and Central Europe in general, for Clovis expanded his dominion over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered the founder of the Merovingian dynasty which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.

Name

In primary sources Clovis's name is spelled in a number of variants: the Frankish form Chlodovech was Latinized as Chlodovechus, from which came the Latin name Ludovicus, which evolved into the French form Louis. Clovis ruled the Franks from 481 to 511 AD. The name features prominently in subsequent history: three other Merovingian Kings have been called Clovis, while nine Carolingian rulers and thirteen other French kings and one Holy Roman Emperor have been called Louis. Nearly every European language has developed its own spelling of his name. Louis (French), "Chlodwig" and Ludwig (German), Lodewijk (Dutch), Людовик (Russian), Luis (Spanish), Luigi (Italian), and Lewis (English) are just seven of the over 100 possible variations. Scholars differ about the exact meaning of his (first) name. Most believe that Chlodovech is composed out of the Germanic roots Chlod- and -vech. Chlod- = (modern English) loud, with its oldest connotation praised. -vech = "fighter" (modern English). Compare in modern Dutch luid (hard sound or noise), luiden (verb - the oldest meaning is: to praise aloud) and vechten (verb - to fight). Chlodovech means "praised fighter".^[7]

History

Frankish consolidation

In 486, with the help of Ragnachar, Clovis defeated Syagrius, the last Roman official in northern Gaul, who ruled the area around Soissons in present-day Picardy.^[8] This victory at Soissons extended Frankish rule to most of the area north of the Loire. Clovis then secured an alliance with the Ostrogoths through the marriage of his sister Audofleda to their king, Theodoric the Great. He followed this victory with another in 491 over a small group of Thuringians east of the Frankish territories. Later, with the help of the other Frankish sub-kings, he narrowly defeated the Alamanni in the Battle of Tolbiac. The Franks also formed a common identity with their fellow Roman subjects. The Franks claimed to be descendents of the Trojans, and the Romans also claimed descent, this claim to Trojan descent by the Franks helped form a common identity of a shared religion and a genealogical connection with their Roman neighbors.^[9]

Catholic king

Clovis had previously married the Catholic Burgundian princess Clotilde (later canonized as St. Clotilde), and, according to Gregory of Tours, as a result of his victory at Tolbiac (traditionally set in 496), he converted to her Catholic faith. Before his conversion he had been adamant about not converting from his pagan religion to Christianity. Clotilde had wanted her son to be baptized but Clovis refused to allow it, so Clotilde had the child baptized without Clovis's knowledge. Shortly after his baptism, their son died, and his death further strengthened Clovis's resistance to converting to Christianity. Clotilde also had their second son baptized without her husband's permission, and this son got very ill and nearly died after his baptism.^[10] Yet Christianity did offer certain advantages to the Clovis as he fought to distinguish his rule among many competing power centers in western Europe. His conversion to the Roman Catholic form of Christianity served to set him apart from the other Germanic kings of his time, such as those of the Visigoths and the Vandals, who had converted from pagan beliefs to Arian Christianity. His embrace of the Roman Catholic faith may also gained him the support of the Catholic Gallo-Roman aristocracy in his later campaign against the Visigoths, which drove them from southern Gaul (507). His conversion to Catholicism resulted in a great many of his people converting to Catholicism as well.^[11] According to legend, it was only by invoking the God of his Christian wife, Clotilde, that he defeated his enemy. Clotilde was almost certainly instrumental in Clovis' conversion to the Catholic faith.

Clovis was baptised at Rheims on Christmas Day 496, by Saint Remigius.^[12] The conversion of Clovis to Catholic Christianity, the religion of the majority of his subjects, strengthened the bonds between his Gallo-roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops, and their Germanic conquerors. Nevertheless, Bernard Bachrach has argued that this conversion from his Frankish paganism alienated many of the other Frankish sub-kings and weakened his military position over the next few years. William Daly, in order more directly to assess Clovis' allegedly barbaric and pagan origins,^[13] was obliged to ignore the bishop Saint Gregory of Tours and base his account on the scant earlier sources, a sixth-century "vita" of Saint Genevieve and letters to or concerning Clovis from bishops and Theodoric.

In the "interpretatio romana", Gregory of Tours gave the Germanic gods that Clovis abandoned the names of roughly equivalent Roman gods, such as Jupiter and Mercury.^[14] Taken literally, such usage would suggest a strong affinity of early Frankish rulers for the prestige of Roman culture, which they may have embraced as allies and federates of the Empire during the previous century.

Though he fought a battle at Dijon in the year 500, Clovis did not successfully subdue the Burgundian kingdom. It appears that he somehow gained the support of the Arvernians in the following years, for they assisted him in his defeat of the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse in the Battle of Vouillé (507) which eliminated Visigothic power in Gaul and confined the Visigoths to Hispania and Septimania; the battle added most of Aquitaine to Clovis' kingdom.^[8] The battle also resulted in the death of the Visigothic King Alaric II. He then established Paris as his capital,^[8] and established an abbey dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul on the south bank of the Seine. Later it was renamed Sainte-Geneviève Abbey, in honor of the patron saint of Paris.^[15]

According to Gregory of Tours, following the Battle of Vouillé, the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I, granted Clovis the title of consul. Since Clovis' name does not appear in the consular lists, it is likely he was granted a suffect consulship.

Campaigns of Clovis

Gregory of Tours recorded Clovis' systematic campaigns following his victory in Vouillé to eliminate the other Frankish "reguli" or sub-kings. These included Sigobert the Lame and his son Chlodoric the Parricide; Chararic, another king of the Salian Franks; Ragnachar of Cambrai, his brother Ricchar, and their brother Rignomer of Le Mans.

Gregory of Tours also tells of how Clovis would use deceit, cunning, and treachery to expand his kingdom. Clovis would send gifts and money to the nobles and those responsible for protecting a rival king, to bribe them to betray their king, or he would tell a rival king's son that if the son killed his royal father, Clovis would support the son's ascent to the throne and the son would gain an alliance with Clovis. However when the son had killed his father Clovis would reveal the son's crime, have the son murdered and take over the kingdom without much opposition. When Clovis would bribe nobles to betray their king, he would go to battle against the rival king, and the rival king's nobles would give him over to Clovis, thus giving Clovis power over the kingdom and expanding his kingdom.^[16]

Salic Law

Under Clovis, the first codification of the Salian Franks' law took place. The Salic Law was written down with the assistance of Gallo-Romans and the laws reflect the Roman Legal tradition while at the same time containing much from the Salic traditions. The Salic Laws list out various crimes as well as the fine associated with committing those crimes.^[17]

Later years and death

Shortly before his death, Clovis called a synod of Gallic bishops to meet in Orléans to reform the Church and create a strong link between the Crown and the Catholic episcopate. This was the First Council of Orléans. Thirty-three bishops assisted and passed 31 decrees on the duties and obligations of individuals, the right of sanctuary and ecclesiastical discipline. These decrees, equally applicable to Franks and Romans, first established equality between conquerors and conquered.

Clovis I is traditionally said to have died on 27 November 511; however, the Liber Pontificalis suggests that he was still alive in 513.^[18] After his death, Clovis was laid to rest in the Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris. His remains relocated to Saint Denis Basilica in the mid- to late-18th century.

Upon his death his realm was divided among his four sons: Theuderic, Chlodomer, Childebert, and Clotaire. This partitioning created the new political units of the Kingdoms of Rheims, Orléans, Paris and Soissons and inaugurated a period of disunity which was to last, with brief interruptions, until the end (751) of his Merovingian dynasty.

Legacy

Clovis is remembered for three main accomplishments:

1. The Unification of the Frankish nation
2. The Conquest of Gaul
3. His conversion to Christianity.

By the first act, he assured the influence of his people beyond the borders of Gaul, something no regional king could accomplish. By the second act, he laid the foundations of a later nation-state, France. By the third act, he made himself the ally of the papacy and its protector as well as that of the people, who were mostly Catholics.

Detracting perhaps, from this legacy, is his aforementioned division of the state. This was done not along national or even largely geographical lines, but primarily to assure equal income amongst his sons after his death. While it may or may not have been his intention, this division was the cause of much internal discord in Gaul. This precedent led in the long run to the fall of his dynasty, for it was a pattern repeated in future reigns.^[19] Clovis did bequeath to his heirs the support of both people and Church such that, when the magnates were ready to do away with the royal house, the sanction of the Pope was sought first.

Ancestry

References

Footnotes

• Daly, William M. (1994) "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum, 69:3 (1994), 619–664
• James, Edward (1982) The Origins of France: Clovis to the Capetians, 500–1000. London: Macmillan, 1982
• Kaiser, Reinhold (2004) "Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich", in: Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte; 26. Munich (German)
• Oman, Charles (1914) The Dark Ages 476-918. London: Rivingtons
• Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (1962) The Long-haired Kings. London

External links